During his time at the school the headmaster was Georgius Macropedius, and under his guidance Geert would study the Bible, the trivium (Latin, logic and rhetoric) and classics such as the philosophy of Aristotle, the natural history of Pliny and the geography of Ptolemy. Forty years later they were still co-operating, Dee using Mercator's maps to convince the English court to finance Martin Frobisher's expeditions and Mercator still avidly seeking information of new territories. In this volume all extant celestial maps and globes made before 1500 are described and analysed. But in 1544, Mercator was arrested under suspicion of heresy; the traveling he did for research had made church officials wary. Why is Gerardus Mercator important? Many of his innovations are still used in mapmaking today, and there are several excellent examples of his work that have survived through the years. In 1534 Mercator married Barbara Schellekens, by whom he had six children. (Left) Globe of the Earth with no land distortion and (right) the Mercator projection with increased land distortion, especially in the 60° to 90° latitudes, …16th-century Flemish surveyor and cartographer. Mercator would follow similar precepts later in life, with problematic outcomes. As a child, called Geert, he was surrounded by adults who were possibly followers of Geert Groote, who placed meditation, contemplation and biblical study over ritual and liturgy—and who also founded the school of the Brethren of the Common Life at 's-Hertogenbosch. [57], Mercator was buried in the church of St. Salvatore in Duisburg where a memorial was erected about fifty years after his death. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gerardus-Mercator, Gerardus Mercator - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The first element was the Chronologia,[45] a list of all significant events since the beginning of the world compiled from his literal reading of the Bible and no less than 123 other authors of genealogies and histories of every empire that had ever existed. Much to Mercator's grief, Bartholemew died young, in 1568 (aged 28). Gerardus Mercator, original name Gerard De Cremer, or Kremer?, (born March 5, 1512, Rupelmonde, Flanders [now in Belgium]—died December 2, 1594, Duisburg, Duchy of Cleve [Germany]), Flemish cartographer whose most important innovation was a map, embodying what was later known as the Mercator projection, on which parallels and meridians are rendered as straight lines spaced so as to produce at any point an accurate ratio of latitude to longitude. This map, with its Mercator projection, was designed to help sailors navigate around the globe. AKA Gerhard Kremer. Rumold avowed that a second volume would attend to these deficiencies but it was not forthcoming and the whole project lost momentum; Rumold, who was 55 years old in 1595, was in decline and died in 1599. A Flemish cartographer who invented a system of setting lines of latitude and longitude on charts of the spherical earth, the " Mercator projection, " which has become a standard for maps into modern times. It is the only map without a dedicatee and in the text engraved on the map he pointedly denies responsibility for the map's authorship and claims that he is merely engraving and printing it for a "very good friend". The story involves intriguing characters: the soldier who laid the foundations for fractals and computer art while recovering in hospital after suffering serious injury in the First World War; the mathematician imprisoned for bigamy whose ... In English the second syllable of Mercator is stressed and sounds as, Mercator's birth and death dates are given in, The full text of Ghim's biography is translated in. [at] Recently Mercator's projection has been rejected for representations of the world[au] but it remains paramount for nautical charts and its use stands as his enduring legacy. Further comments on magnetism may be found in an earlier letter to Perrenot[ad] and on the later world map. It's lines and colors show the realization of great dreams.” Learn more about the basics of reading a map, creating a map, and choosing the best map projection. Remarkably, he also calculates the longitude difference between the pole and an arbitrary position: he had solved the longitude problem—if his theory had been correct. [23] They were ready in 1545 and the Emperor granted the royal seal of approval to his workshop. Found inside – Page 91.6 Mapping and Map Making Pre - reading survey What do you know about early map makers ? What do you know about Gerardus Mercator ? What do you know about early geographers ? Great progress in mapping was made by the ancient Greeks . This insightful volume delves into physical geography, which is concerned with places, and human geography, which deals with the people in the places––how and why they live where they do, and how their social, economic, and cultural ... [t] In 1539/40 he made a map of Flanders and in 1541 a terrestrial globe. 4 to the 4th over 4 to the 6th A. [14] Given that the symbolism of the Orbis Imago map also reflected a Lutheran view point, Mercator was exposing himself to criticism by the hardline theologians of Leuven . art and science of determining an object's position, course, and distance traveled. Fawn Hall was the document shredding secretary of what controversial late 1980's figure? If you have ever seen a map of the world in a classroom or in an atlas, chances are you have seen a version of a “Mercator projection.” You may not, however, be familiar with its creator, Gerardus Mercator. After spending a few months in prison, he was released and continued his studies.In 1569, Mercator published his epic world map. The title page now included a picture of Hondius and Mercator together although they had never met. A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. In 1548 Dee returned to Leuven (Louvain in Dee's text) and registered as a student: for three years he was constantly in Mercator's company. Though Mercator is best known for his cylindrical maps, he created various map types, like this spherical map. [66] Chapter 6: "Globes in Renaissance Europe" by Elly Dekker. This Atlas—the term still used to indicate a collection of maps—was never fully realized. Gisbert was either the brother or uncle of Hubert. Born in Rupelmonde, a small town in Flanders, he studied at the University of Louvain, where he achieved a master's degree in 1532. Melanchthon is a significant correspondent of Mercator since he was one of the founders of Lutheranism. In 1585 he issued a collection of 51 maps covering France, the Low Countries and Germany. [q] He certainly read widely but only succeeded in uncovering more contradictions between the world of the Bible and the world of geography, a hiatus which would occupy him for the rest of his life. The inner coat is called raiment and it is described in Revelation 3:5 as what we are clothed in by God when we trust Christ as our Savior. Of these the chronology had already been accomplished, the account of the creation and the modern maps would appear in the atlas of 1595, his edition of Ptolemy appeared in 1578 but the ancient geography and the description of the heavens never appeared. The second interruption was potentially deadly: the Inquisition called. the united states china united kingdom india germany - allnswers. This proved very useful to many later explorers. Their locations could be a hundred miles out after a long voyage because a course of constant direction at sea (a rhumb line) did not correspond to a straight line on their chart. Mulder, Gerardus Johannes (1802-80) Dutch physiological chemist; coined the name protein for the nitrogenous constituents of all living tissue, to show they were 'of first importance'. New drugs were made from plants brought from other parts of the world. Found inside – Page 66Perhaps the most important cartographer during the Renaissance period was Gerardus Mercator . Mercator greatly improved the method for showing the grid lines of latitude and longitude , which was of great assistance to the navigators on ... Chronicles the historical development of maps and mapping from the Bronze Age to the present, collecting some 175 maps spanning ten millennia that represent the progress of civilization and technology, from military plans that depict enemy ... He then shows how to calculate the position of the pole if the deviation is known at two known positions (Leuven and Corvo in the Azores): he finds that it must be at latitude 73°2' and longitude 169°34'. Correct answer to the question What is the equation of a line that goes through (2,5) and (-2, 3)? These encounters may well have provided the stimulus to put aside his problems with theology and commit himself to geography. A last section, on the British Isles, was included in an edition with the previous sections, which was seen through the press after his death by his son in 1595. [19], At no time in his life did Mercator claim to be a Lutheran but there are many hints that he had sympathies in that direction. Is the Mercator map wrong? There is an outer garment called a cloak and there is an inner coat called raiment. He was also renowned for his scientific instruments, particularly his astrolabes and astronomical rings used to study the geometry of astronomy and astrology. But the university authorities stood behind him. Because the projection was intended to be a reference for navigation and not land geography, the landmasses on the map are not necessarily proportional to their actual size; at higher latitudes, landmasses appear larger than their actual size. 10. The dedicatee of the world map was more surprising: Johannes Drosius, a fellow student who, as an unorthodox priest, may well have been suspected of Lutheran heresy. In 1554 he published a map of Europe that he had begun at Leuven, and between 1559 and 1562 he taught mathematics in the grammar school. There is no precise definition of this term other than that it certainly comprehends the disciplines of geography and astronomy but at that time it would also include astrology and chronology (as a history of the world from the creation). His inclination to Protestantism, and frequent absences from Leuven to gather information for his maps, had aroused suspicions; he was one of 43 citizens so charged. Moreover, he brought back to Leuven a freshly acquired taste for geography. In 1535–36 he cooperated with Myrica and Frisius in constructing a terrestrial globe and in 1537 its celestial counterpart. In 1552 Mercator moved permanently to Duisburg in the Duchy of Cleve. As an example the famous world map of 1569 is inscribed with over five thousand words in fifteen legends. Mathematics isn’t just for academics and scientists, a fact meteorologist and blogger Peter Lynch has spent the past several years proving through his Irish Times newspaper column and blog, That’s Maths. A richly illustrated reference on sailing ships from around the globe combines more than 450 full-color photographs with detailed descriptions of various types of vessels and rigging to provide an overview of each ship's specifications, ... The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Explores the history of maps, examines some commonly used maps, and describes how to use them. distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees. He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing ( rhumb lines ) as straight lines—an innovation that is still . The Mercator projection (/ m ər ˈ k eɪ t ər /) is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. These widely admired globes were costly and their wide sales provided Mercator an income which, together with that from mathematical instruments and from teaching, allowed him to marry and establish a home. Gerardus Mercator was born Geert or Gerard (de) Kremer (or Cremer), the seventh child of Hubert (de) Kremer and his wife Emerance in Rupelmonde, Flanders, a small village to the southwest of Antwerp, all of which lay in the fiefdom of Habsburg Netherlands.His parents came from Gangelt in the Holy Roman Duchy of Jülich (present-day Germany). "[56] A year later, Mercator had a stroke which left him greatly incapacitated. Born in 8 Apr 1881 and died in 25 Feb 1945 Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen Gerardus Arnoldus Maria Meijer His most famous work, the Mercator projection, is a geographical chart where the spherical globe is flattened into a two-dimensional map, with latitude and longitude lines drawn in a straight grid. It was invaluable as an accurate guide for the planned Catholic invasion of England by Phillip II of Spain. Round 3 (47% correct) 1. [27] Apart from a possible short visit to Duisberg in 1562[28] the two men did not meet but they corresponded frequently and by good fortune a number of their letters are preserved. The globe was a combined effort: Gemma researched the content, Van der Heyden engraved the geography and Mercator engraved the text, including the cartouche which exhibited his own name in public for the first time. What did Gerardus mercator create and combined with what helped what? In 1552 Mercator moved from Leuven (Flanders, Habsburg Netherlands) to Duisburg in the Duchy of Cleves (in modern-day Germany) at age 40, where he spent the rest of his life. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Mathematics. He was released after seven months and resumed his former way of life. His sons were now growing to manhood and he encouraged them to embark on his own profession. He compared the great many editions of the Ptolemy's written Geographia, which described his two projections and listed the latitude and longitude of some 8000 places, as well as the many different versions of the printed maps which had appeared over the previous one hundred years, all with errors and accretions. Once again, this self-imposed diligence delayed publication and the 28 maps of Ptolemy appeared in 1578, after an interval almost ten years. Found inside – Page 109The mathematics of Mercator projection is more complicated than the simple geometric point projections discussed above, or the so-called ''normal'' Lambert projection. ... Mercator Gerardus Mercator was born in 1512, shortly after his. Nevertheless, he was on good terms with the wealthier citizens and a close friend of Walter Ghim, the twelve times mayor and Mercator's future biographer. "[58][aq] Over the years Mercator's definition of atlas has become simply A collection of maps in a volume. Gerardus Blei. If you have ever seen a map of the world in a classroom or in an atlas, chances are you have seen the work of Gerardus Mercator, a 16 th-century Flemish cartographer (mapmaker). In addition, the time he had available for cartography was reduced by a burst of writing on philosophy and theology: a substantial written work on the Harmonisation[ao] of the Gospels[55] as well as commentaries on the epistle of St. Paul and the book of Ezekiel. The identity of neither the author nor the friend has been established but it has been suggested that the map was created by a Scottish Catholic priest called John Elder who smuggled it to French clergy known to Antoine Perrenot, Mercator's friend. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. There is some doubt about the relationship of Hubert and Gisbert. Despite these distortions, his maps are still in heavy use. He was then 52, already an old man by the norms of that century, and he may well have had reservations about the undertaking. Following Mercator's death his family prepared the Atlas for publication—in four months. His marriage to Barbara Schellekens was in September 1536 and Arnold, the first of their six children, was born a year later.[11]. The contents of the library provide an insight into Mercator's intellectual studies but the mathematics books are the only ones to have been subjected to scholarly analysis: they cover arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, architecture, fortification, astronomy, astrology, time measurement, calendar calculation, scientific instruments, cartography and applications. Distortion of sizes As on all map projections, shapes or sizes are distortions of the true layout of the Earth's surface. Mercator’s view of the world is one that has endured through the centuries and still helps navigators today.Mercator was born in Flanders (located in modern-day Belgium) in 1512. [az] There is a venomous snail and a beetle. Because he held the earth on his shoulders, for what Greek figure did Gerardus Mercator name his book of maps? The book includes details of how the Lewis and Clark Expedition helped map the American West, and how the British mapped India and Australia. In 1547 Mercator was visited by the young (nineteen year old) John Dee who, on completion of his undergraduate studies in Cambridge (1547), "went beyond the seas to speak and confer with some learned men". Fortunately, cartographers have the training to minimize these issues. This period of his life is clouded in uncertainty. You will use information read from. Map maker Gerardus Mercator was born Gerard de Cremer. He collected reports from travelers to distant parts of the world and pieced together the information to create the maps. Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society, Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society [36] On the other hand, no papal permit was required to establish the Akademisches Gymnasium where, in 1559 Mercator was invited to teach mathematics with cosmography. domain.. Professional geologists with over 25 years of global . [v] Study of the Bible was something that was central to Mercator's life and it was the cause of the early philosophical doubts that caused him so much trouble during his student days, doubts which some of his teachers would have considered to be tantamount to heresy. Mercator, Gerardus (1512 - 1594). [53] That he should wish to do so may seem strange given that, at the same time, he was planning very different modern maps and other mapmakers, such as his friend Abraham Ortelius, had forsaken Ptolemy completely. Gerardus Mercator was a 16th-century geographer, cosmographer and cartographer from the County of Flanders.
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